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ARTICLE 5:

Healthcare professionals face ethical challenges in managing care for neurodevelopmental disorders: a qualitative study in Lebanon

AUTHOR: Saleh M, Et Al.

SOURCE: BMJ Open 2025;15:E082281. Doi:10.1136/Bmjopen-2023-082281

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2026 - Article 5: Ethical Challenges in Managing Care for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Saleh et al., 2025)

The number of attempts remaining is 3

Please complete the following information to be sent to HPCSA.

1 / 15

What was the primary aim of Saleh et al.’s study?

a) To measure prevalence of NDD in Lebanon

b) To explore ethical challenges faced by healthcare professionals (HCPs)

c) To evaluate effectiveness of new treatments

d) To survey parental satisfaction

e) To compare Lebanese data with global data

2 / 15

Which study design was used?

a) Randomised controlled trial

b) Qualitative cross-sectional study

c) Systematic review

d) Case-control study

e) Quantitative survey

3 / 15

The study exclusively focused on patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

a. True

b. False

4 / 15

How many healthcare professionals participated?

a) 8

b) 12

c) 16

d) 20

e) 25

5 / 15

Which specialties were represented among participants?

a) Paediatric neurology

b) Psychiatry

c) General paediatrics

d) Neuropsychology

e) All of the above

6 / 15

Thematic analysis identified which key ethical challenges?

a) Balancing autonomy vs. surrogate decision-making

b) Tailoring care to cognitive abilities

c) Communication with patients/families

d) All of the above

7 / 15

Patients or the public were directly involved in the design of the study.

a) TRUE

b) FALSE

8 / 15

Which of the following NDD conditions were included

a) ADHD

b) Autism spectrum disorder

c) Cerebral palsy

d) Epilepsy

e) All of the above

9 / 15

Which Lebanese law guarantees minors’ rights to health information?

a) Patient Safety Law

b) Article 4 of the Right to Medical Attention

c) Lebanese Children’s Rights Act

d) Healthcare Reform Bill

e) None

10 / 15

Some HCPs described Lebanese doctors as:

a) Overly empathetic

b) Lacking humanity and commercialising care

c) Too dependent on guidelines

d) Overly paternalistic but compassionate

e) Always family-centered

11 / 15

Which barriers were highlighted in building strong patient–provider communication?

a) Time constraints

b) Limited mental capacity

c) Financial limitations

d) All of the above

12 / 15

What nonverbal strategies were mentioned to engage patients?

a) Eye contact and gestures

b) Smiles and reassuring touch

c) Writing notes to families

d) Using cartoons only

e) Avoiding physical contact

13 / 15

According to the study, which group adhered most consistently to ethical principles?

a) General paediatricians

b) Older physicians

c) Paediatric neurologists

d) Psychiatrists

e) Medical students

14 / 15

Which international treaty was referenced regarding children’s rights to self-expression?

a) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

b) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)

c) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

d) Beirut Health Charter

e) Geneva Bioethics Agreement

15 / 15

How were interviews conducted?

a) In-person only

b) Online interviews (audio-recorded)

c) Group workshops

d) Written questionnaires

e) Telephone surveys only

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